![]() The energy stored in ATP is then used directly or indirectly to drive all other cellular processes that require energy, of which there are four major types: (1) the transport of molecules and ions across cell membranes against concentration gradients, which maintains the internal environment of the cell and produces the membrane potential for the conduction of nerve impulses (2) the contraction of muscle fibers and other fibers producing the motion of cells (3) the synthesis of chemical compounds (4) the synthesis of other high-energy compounds. The energy that is derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, or proteins is used to synthesize ATP. The bond between the phosphate groups in ADP or the two bonds between phosphate groups in ATP are called high-energy bonds, because hydrolysis of a high-energy bond provides a large amount of free energy that can be used to drive other processes that would not otherwise occur. Incubation with 3.3mm-glucose for 5-30min had no effect on the concentration of cyclic AMP, irrespective of the nutritional state of the mice. The concentration of cyclic AMP in non-incubated islets was the same in islets from fed and starved mice. High cyclic-AMP levels indicate that Glucose levels in the cell are low. C) The cyclic-AMP and Lactose levels are both high within the cell. ![]() ![]() Adenosine can be linked to a chain of one, two, or three phosphate groups to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Neither the maximum activity nor the K(m) values of these enzymes were changed by starvation. Expert Answer 100 (5 ratings) Top Expert 500+ questions answered 1. ![]() Adenosine nucleotides are involved in the energy metabolism of all cells. It is a structural subunit of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3,5-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger, or cellular signal occurring within cells, that is important in many biological processes. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed, and plasma insulin levels were measured in streptozotocin-treated or high-fat diet-fed diabetic mice. a nucleoside composed of the pentose sugar d-ribose and adenine. ![]()
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